Since the global financial crisis of 2008–09 many of the leading central banks have dramatically increased the size of their balance sheets and have shifted the composition of the assets that they hold toward larger shares of longer-term securities (as well as toward assets that are riskier in other ...

Since late 2008 when short-term interest rates reached their zero lower bound central banks have been conducting monetary policy through two primary instruments: quantitative easing (QE) in which they buy long-term government bonds and other long-term securities and so-called forward guidance in which ...

The global financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath have brought many new challenges for the world’s central banks. These new challenges have in turn resulted in bold experimentation—not simply particularly vigorous use of traditional policy tools but also the use of new tools or if not entirely new ...